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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for broken windows policing
8 results foundAuthor: Hinkle, Joshua Conard Title: Making Sense of Broken Windows: The Relationship Between Perceptions of Disorder, Fear of Crime, Collective Efficacy and Perceptions of Crime Summary: The broken windows thesis has had a profound impact on policing strategies around the world. The thesis suggests that police can most effectively fight crime by focusing their efforts on targeting disorder—minor crimes and nuisance behaviors such as loitering, public drinking and vandalism, as well as dilapidated physical conditions in a community. The strategy was most prominently used in New York City in the 1990s, and has been often credited for the crime drop observed in the city over that decade. Despite the widespread influence of the broken windows thesis, there has been relatively little rigorous empirical research which has sought to test the validity of its theoretical propositions. This dissertation aimed to address this shortcoming by using structural equation modeling to test the relationships between perceived disorder, fear of crime, collective efficacy and perceptions of crime suggested by the broken windows thesis using survey data collected during a randomized, experimental evaluation of broken windows policing in three cities in California. The results are supportive of the broken windows thesis, but also raise some challenges. Perceptions of disorder were found to increase fear of crime, reduce collective efficacy and lead to crime as suggested. However, fear of crime was not significantly related to collective efficacy as suggested, and the direct effect of perceived social disorder on perceptions of crime was the strongest effect in every model. Nevertheless, the findings do suggest that a reduction of disorder in a community may have positive effects in the form of reducing fear and promoting collective efficacy, and suggest the limitations of studies which only test for direct effects of disorder on crime and/or do not examine the variables at the perceptual level. Future research needs to further examine the broken windows thesis, ideally involving a prospective longitudinal study of crime at place. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park, 2009. 169p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/9547/1/Hinkle_umd_0117E_10573.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/9547/1/Hinkle_umd_0117E_10573.pdf Shelf Number: 125845 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryCollective EfficacyFear of CrimeNeighborhoods and CrimeNuisance Behaviors and Disorders |
Author: Beckenkamp, Martin Title: First Impressions Engender (Anti-)Social Behaviour An Experimental Test of a Component of Broken Windows Theory Summary: Broken Windows: the metaphor has changed New York and Los Angeles. Yet it is far from undisputed whether the broken windows policy was causal for reducing crime. In a series of lab experiments we put one component of the theory to the test. We show that first impressions are causal for cooperativeness in three different institutional environments: absent targeted sanctions; with decentralised punishment; with decentralised punishment qualified by the risk of counterpunishment. In all environments, the effect of first impressions cannot be explained with, but adds to, participants’ initial level of benevolence. Mere impression management is not strong enough to stabilise cooperation though. It must be combined with some risk of sanctions. Details: Bonn, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 2009. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Preprints of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods Bonn 2009/21: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://www.coll.mpg.de/pdf_dat/2009_21online.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.coll.mpg.de/pdf_dat/2009_21online.pdf Shelf Number: 125846 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryNeighborhoods and CrimePunishment |
Author: Seiler, Bryan M. Title: Moving from 'Broken Windows' to Healthy Neighborhood Policy: Reforming Urban Nuisance Law in the Public and Private Sectors Summary: City and state governments throughout the country are increasingly turning to public nuisance law as a way to preserve public order in urban neighborhoods. Many cities have established problem property units to encourage neighborhoods to actively report public nuisance conditions and behaviors. This public order enforcement certainly fills an enforcement gap for both criminal and landlord-tenant law, but its misuse threatens dire consequences for the disenfranchised urban poor. Public nuisance law is a powerful injunctive force that can rapidly change the composition of neighborhoods, and, used improperly, can be a means to cultural, economic, and racial homogeneity. Despite the extensive academic literature on urban renewal, there is little written about the authority and advisability of the current policy trend towards the use of public nuisance law. This Note attempts to fill this scholarly void in several ways. First, it provides an overview of the history and present application of public nuisance law, with particular attention paid to the expansion of the doctrine during the nineteenth century. Second, it summarizes the many weaknesses of the broken windows policy system that currently dominates public nuisance law. Finally, it proposes a novel combination of both public and private reforms to state and local public nuisance law to ensure the proper use of public nuisance law. In particular, this Note argues that the infusion of economic value into an area of entitlement presents the best hope of striking a balance between enforcing public order while protecting vulnerable residents. Though difficult, this is a balance that all healthy urban neighborhoods must actively seek and maintain. Details: Minneapolis: Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs; University of Minnesota, 2009. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-19 : Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1099019 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1099019 Shelf Number: 125847 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryNeighborhoods and CrimeNuisance Behaviors and DisordersUrban Areas |
Author: Parlow, Matthew J. Title: The Great Recession and Its Implications for Community Policing Summary: During the last twenty years, community policing has been the dominant approach to local law enforcement. Community policing is based, in part, on the broken windows theory of public safety. The broken windows theory suggests a link between low-level crime and violent crime — that is, if minor offenses are allowed to pervade a community, they will lead to a proliferation of crime and, ultimately, a community plagued by violent crime. To maintain a perception of community orderliness, many local governments adopted “order maintenance” laws — such as panhandling ordinances and anti-homeless statutes. This emphasis on cracking down on such low-level offenses brought with it an increase in the needs and costs of policing, prosecutions, jails, social services, and other related resources. When the economy was flourishing, local governments were able to pay for the time- and resource-intensive broken windows approach to community policing. The Great Recession, however, has forced localities to think critically about whether they can sustain these practices given budget cuts. This Article analyzes the effects that the downturn in the economy has had on public safety budgets and the changes that many local governments have made, and are continuing to make, to adjust to decreasing revenue and resources. This Article will also explore proposed changes to the current criminal justice and social service systems that seek cost-effective approaches to deliver the same level of public safety to which communities are accustomed. In particular, this Article will assess and evaluate evidence-based decision-making — an emerging trend in some criminal justice systems — as part of an evolving trend driven by the effects of the Great Recession, but also stemming out of community policing. Finally, this Article will use Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as an example of an evidence-based decision-making approach and explain how it can fulfill the public safety goals of the broken windows theory of community policing while creating a framework that provides for “smart” decision-making that accounts for the financial realities that most cities face. Details: Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Law School, 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Marquette Law School Legal Studies Paper No. 12-12: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Shelf Number: 125851 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics and CrimeMunicipal Budgets |
Author: Dur, Robert Title: Status-Seeking in Criminal Subcultures and the Double Dividend of Zero-Tolerance Summary: This paper offers a new argument for why a more aggressive enforcement of minor offenses (‘zero-tolerance’) may yield a double dividend in that it reduces both minor offenses and more severe crime. We develop a model of criminal subcultures in which people gain social status among their peers for being ‘tough’ by committing criminal acts. As zero-tolerance keeps relatively ‘gutless’ people from committing a minor offense, the signaling value of that action increases, which makes it attractive for some people who would otherwise commit more severe crime. If social status is sufficiently important in criminal subcultures, zero-tolerance reduces crime across the board. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2011. 28p. Source: IZA Discussion Paper No. 5484: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2012 at http://ftp.iza.org/dp5484.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp5484.pdf Shelf Number: 126873 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingStreet CrimeSubcultures, Status ConcernsZero-Tolerance |
Author: Blattman, Christopher Title: Pre-Analysis Plan for "The Impact of Hotspot Policing and Municipal Services on Crime: Experimental Evidence from Bogota" Summary: Hotspots In most cities in the world, crime is highly concentrated in a small number of places. For example, out of 136,984 street segments in Bogotá, Colombia, only 2,970 accounted for all homicides between January 2012 and September 2015.1 Other forms of crime are similarly concentrated. Police usually refer to these areas as crime "hotspots". Hotspots policing Policing strategies and tactics that focus on such areas are commonly referred to as hotspots policing interventions (Weisburd and Telep, 2016). Hotspot policing has become one of the most common and popular approaches to crime reduction. Hotspots policing interventions cover a range of police responses that share a focus on police and enforcement resources on the locations where crime is highly concentrated (Weisburd and Telep, 2016). The specific strategies can be as simple as drastically increasing the dosage of policing time at crime hotspots (e.g. Sherman andWeisburd (1995) in Minneapolis and our case in Bogotá), or more complex strategies such as the three step program (identifying the problem, developing a tailored response and maintaining crime control gains) in Jersey City (Weisburd and Green, 1995). In the past two decades, a series of rigorous evaluations have argued that hotspots policing strategies can be effective in reducing crime. Braga et al. (2012) conduct a systematic review of this literature. They identify 25 tests of hotspots policing in 19 experimental or quasi-experimental eligible studies. 20 cases report significant crime control gains. Along with ongoing evaluations in Medellin (Collazos et al., 2016) and Trinidad and Tobago (Sherman et al., 2014), the Bogotá hotspots policing experiment is one of the first interventions of this type in Latin America, the one with the biggest sample size and the first one specifically addressing the issues of network spillovers from the design stage. "Broken windows" and municipal services Police and scholars have also argued that disorder on the streets, in the form of trash, graffiti, broken windows, and nonfunctional street lights, may promote some forms of criminal behavior – the so-called "broken windows" hypothesis, whose name stems from Wilson and Kelling (1982). The idea is that disorder contributes to an area becoming a hotspot. The economic theory of crime introduced by Becker (1968) argues that increasing the probability of apprehension and punishment prevents criminals from taking part in illegal activities. The broken windows hypothesis reconciles with this theory by introducing the subjective perception of apprehension and punishment that criminals have. This is, the conditions of an environment may carry signals about social norms and enforcement capacity. If it is the case that the environment presents itself as highly disordered, criminals may subjectively believe that police presence and other enforcement efforts are weak at that location. Some experimental studies favor the broken windows hypothesis. For instance, Braga et al. (1999) report significant reductions in crime following a combined treatment of intensive arrests, improvements in the physical environment and provision of social services in a randomized controlled trial at Jersey City. Also, Braga and Bond (2008) conducted an experiment in Lowell, Massachusetts aimed at testing the effect of intensive arrests and environmental interventions. These later included surveillance cameras, lighting and clearance of abandoned buildings. The authors report significant reductions in crime stemming from each of these interventions. Intervention spillovers The success of any of these interventions relies on crime being reduced rather than displaced. Hence measuring spillover effects is essential to any cost-effectiveness analysis. There are two reasons to focus on spillovers, the first being that spillover from treatment to control hotspots would bias the simplest causal estimate on treated areas. Identification of causal effects when conducting randomized controlled trials rests on the Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption, or SUTVA (Rubin, 1990). This implies there should be no interference between experimental units, i.e. potential outcomes for a unit should reflect only its treatment status. However, under the rational approach to crime, it would be sensible for criminals to displace whenever their costs rise under a certain context. In particular, if more police presence increases the expected costs of crime for a criminal at his preferred location, it would be rational for him to displace to another less costly place. Moreover, allocation of police efforts at specific places may imply, ceteris paribus, that efforts at other places are reduced. Previous experiments generally do not directly address this SUTVA violation. Studies as Weisburd and Green (1995); Braga et al. (1999); Braga and Bond (2008); Ratcliffe et al. (2011); Taylor et al. (2011); Telep et al. (2014) assess spillover effects by comparing crime outcomes at catchment areas surrounding treatment and control units (usually with buffers of one or two blocks, or 500 feet). Some studies such as Braga et al. (1999); Braga and Bond (2008); Taylor et al. (2011); Telep et al. (2014) introduce specific hotspot selection criteria aimed at easing the identification of spillover effects. Specifically, they conduct a cleaning process so that a given hotspot is far enough from any other. However, no such process is able to account for the SUTVA violation. For instance, patrols heading to treated hotspots may treat surrounding street segments, so that comparing neighboring areas of treatment units to neighboring areas of control units does not identify spillover effects. The second reason to focus on spillovers is to assess whether hotspot policing simply decreases crime to streets outside the experimental sample, in effect creating new hotspots. The existing evidence suggests that immediate spatial spillovers are low, but besides identification problems and statistical power issues with specific studies, other types of spillovers are poorly identified or ignored. 1.2 Aims The aim of this study is to estimate the direct and indirect (spillover) effects of a large-scale hotspot policing intervention and a large-scale municipal services intervention, and to identify any interaction between the two. Our main focus will be on the effects of the hotspot policing intervention because there may not have been enough time for the municipal services treatment to affect outcomes It is our aim to improve the estimation of direct causal and spillover effects compared to prior studies. In order to do so, it is necessary to model potential outcomes before the intervention begins. For the case of Bogotá, as shown below, we model 16 potential outcomes, according to treatment assignment to both interventions and proximity to treated units. This design allows us to assess whether hotspot policing or municipal services reduce crime in the aggregate or merely displaces crime. Moreover, it allows to identify how large the bias induced by displacement may be in existing impact estimates at hotspots. Details: Unpublished paper, 2016. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2017 at: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/1156 Year: 2016 Country: Colombia URL: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/1156 Shelf Number: 144492 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingCrime Analysis Crime and Place Crime Displacement Crime Hotspots Hotspots Hotspots Policing |
Author: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. New York Advisory Committee Title: The Civil Rights Implications of "Broken Windows" Policing in NYC and General NYPD Accountability to the Public Summary: The New York Advisory Committee (Committee) submits this report, "The Civil Rights Implications of "Broken Windows" Policing in NYC and General NYPD Accountability to the Public," as part of its responsibility to advise the Commission on Civil Rights issues within New York State. Beginning in Fall 2016, the Committee set out to review the effects of New York Police Department (the "NYPD") low level offense enforcement practices on individuals of color, with a particular emphasis on youth, as well as the accountability structures and oversight mechanisms governing the NYPD. The Committee held two days of public briefings on these issues in New York City on March 20 and March 21, 2017. Testimony was provided to the Committee by 27 persons on 11 panels. The presenters were academics, government officials and advocates with particular expertise on the matters covered by this report. The Committee also held interviews with senior leadership of the NYPD on February 13, February 15 and December 19, 2017 to garner the NYPD's perspective. This report summarizes important information from the presenters' testimony, written submissions, publicly available information, and interviews with senior leadership of the NYPD. The report provides recommendations based on the information received. The Advisory Committee trusts the Commission and the public will find the material in this report informative. Details: Washington, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2018. 173p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2018 at: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/2018/03-22-NYSAC.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/2018/03-22-NYSAC.pdf Shelf Number: 150428 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingCivil Rights AbusesPolice AccountabilityPolice LegitimacyPolice-Citizen InteractionsRacial Disparities |
Author: McKee, Erin Title: Crimmigration in Oregon: Protecting the Rights of Noncitizen Defendants Summary: Several studies show that immigrants in the United States commit crimes at lower rates than native-born citizens and rates of violent crime in metropolitan areas fall as the immigrant population rises. Despite this, the specter of the "criminal alien" continues to haunt the popular imagination, aided by lurid media coverage highlighting the few cases of serious or violent crimes committed by immigrants. The Trump administration has greatly expanded the groups of people targeted for removal from the U.S., while severely limiting legal immigration. Enforcement actions are taking place against a broad group of noncitizens, including those who have committed only minor crimes or even no crimes at all. WHAT IS CRIMMIGRATION? Crimmigration broadly refers to the criminalization of migration, increased immigration detention and use of private prisons, the prison-to-deportation pipeline, and a deportation process described by one immigration judge as "what amount to death penalty cases heard in traffic court settings." Viewed narrowly, crimmigration refers to the immediate and long-term immigration consequences of criminal convictions. WHAT CAN OREGON DO TO PROTECT NONCITIZEN OREGONIANS AND THEIR FAMILIES? Crimmigration Report Infographic What Oregon Legislators Can Do.jpg We have developed a report as a resource for legislators and others that provides analysis of the legal steps that can be taken that will help to protect noncitizen Oregonians and their families. Click here to read the report. Legislators can: 1. Create Pre-Plea Diversion. Allow qualified defendants to enter pre-trial diversion or deferred adjudication without a guilty or no-contest plea. 2. Allow prior convictions to fit current law. Oregon has already reduced maximum sentences for Class A misdemeanors from 365 days to 364 and should allow this to apply retroactively. 3. Define the prosecutor's duty. Require prosecutors to consider avoiding adverse immigration consequences in plea negotiations. 4. Improve the effectiveness of the court's admonishment. Warn every defendant much earlier in the legal process that if they are a noncitizen that a conviction may have serious immigration consequences so they have time to seek appropriate help. 5. Prohibit disclosure of immigration status in court. No one should be forced to disclose their immigration status in court because it creates unnecessary risk of immigration enforcement and discrimination. 6. Define defense counsel's duty. Require defense counsel to ensure clients understand potential outcomes of their cases and the immigration consequences so they can make the best decisions for themselves and their families. 7. Expand post-conviction relief. Allow defendants to apply for relief within a reasonable period of discovering they received bad advice about the immigration consequences of a plea or conviction. Oregon can also: Crimmigration Report Infographic What Else Oregon Can Do.jpg 1. Uphold the "sanctuary state" law. State and local employees should be reminded of their duty to uphold the law by not using public resources to detect or apprehend people whose only violation is being present in the U.S. contrary to federal immigration law and should receive training about this. Law enforcement leaders and prosecutors should investigate violations of the "sanctuary state" law and prosecute offenders for official misconduct. Information about violations and training employees have received should be public. 2. End "broken windows" policing targeting low-level offenders. Stop bringing people to the courts for minor offenses where they become vulnerable to aggressive ICE enforcement. 3. Limit information sharing. Law enforcement agencies, prosecutors' offices, probation offices, and others should create policies that make it clear to staff where contacting ICE would go beyond the scope of their duties and punish violations. 4. End local jail contracts with ICE. Oregons jails should immediately stop contracting with ICE to detain noncitizens so that counties no longer profit from deportation. Details: Portland, Oregon: Oregon Justice Resource Center, 2018. Source: Internet Resource: January 9, 2019 at: https://ojrc.info/crimmigration-in-oregon/ Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/524b5617e4b0b106ced5f067/t/5b353c3503ce6435b6aa1026/1530215484282/Crimmigration+Report+June+2018.pdf Shelf Number: 154021 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingCriminal AlienCrimmigrationDeportationImmigrantsImmigrationImmigration and Customs EnforcementImmigration DetentionImmigration StatusLaw EnforcementMigrationNative-Born Citizens NoncitizensPre-Trial DiversionSanctuary StateViolent Crime |